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These applications are the compiled codes written using the extensible as well as reusable components present in the Dot Net framework. Net is responsible to produce interactive, data-driven applications over the internet. It contains a large number of controls such as text boxes, buttons, and labels for assembling, configuring, and manipulating the code to create HTML pages. This ASP. Net consists of two models.
They are: a Web Forms Model: This model extends the event-driven model of interaction to web applications. Here the browser submits the web form to the web server and the server returns the full mark up page or the HTML page in response.
Here all the client-side user activities are forwarded to the server for stateful processing. The server processes the output of client actions and triggers the reactions. Net framework helps in storing the information regardless of the application state.
It consists of page state and session state. The page state is defined as the state of the client. The session state is defined as the collective information that is obtained from various pages the user visited and worked with the overall session state.
Net Model provides various building blocks of ASP. Net pages. It is an object-oriented model that describes the serverside counterparts of all the HTML elements or tags. Server Controls that help in developing complex user-interface.
The Dot Net framework is made up of object-oriented hierarchy. Usually, an ASP. Net web application is a combination of multiple web pages. When the user requests an ASP. Net system. The ASP. Net runtime transforms the aspx page into the instance of the class that inherits from the base class of the Dot Net framework Dot Net Framework Components: This framework is responsible for various services like memory management, networking, type safety.
This dot net framework mainly consists of 4 components: a Common Language Runtime CLR : It is a program execution engine that loads and executes the program. It is responsible for converting the program into the native code. Besides, It acts as an interface between framework as well as operating systems.
It does various activities like exception handling, memory management, and garbage collection. Besides, it provides type safety, interoperability, and portability. It is a set of managed libraries that simplify the common application task such as reading or writing the file systems 2 ASP.
Net: It is a web framework designed as well as developed by Microsoft. It is responsible for developing websites, web applications as well as web services. With this Query language, user can query for data sources with C or the visual basic programming languages. It combines the simplicity as well as the readability of LINQ and provides the power of parallel computing.
Moreover, it is capable of improving and provides the fast speed to execute the LINQ query by using all available computer capabilities. A Dot Net Developer is responsible for designing, tailoring, and developing software applications according to the business needs.
In addition to the determination and analysis of prerequisites for the software, he is also responsible for support as well as continuous development.
These are the basic responsibilities of the Dot Net Developer. And it may vary from company to company. In some cases, the role of the dot net developer may also vary from project to project. This is the basic overview of the Dot Net platform. I hope you people have got an overview of.
Net and its component. Moreover, you people can get hands-on experience on the. Net framework by live industry experts with live use cases at Dot Net Online Course. In the upcoming post of this blog, I'll be sharing with you the details of the Dot Net components elaborately.
Meanwhile, have a glance at out Dot Net interview questions and get placed in your dream firm. Some of them were the green screen, terminals, command-line interface, and the graphical user interfaces. Besides, there are some more other methods like application program interface API calls, and web-based management calls. Among those, the command line interface is capable of performing repetitive tasks quickly and accurately when managing a large number of the system. Hence, Microsoft has introduced shell scripting to meet the needs of the user and ensure that each task is done in the same manner.
This article gives you a brief explanation of power shell regarding the need and application in real-time in the IT industry. What is a Power shell? Power shell is a Microsoft scripting and automation platform.
It is both a scripting language and a command-line interface. This platform is built on the. Net framework. This Microsoft platform uses a small program called cmdlets. This platform is responsible for the configuration, administration, and management of heterogeneous environments in both standalone and networked topologies by utilizing the standard remoting protocols.
Once you start working with a power shell, it provides a set of opportunities for simplifying the tasks and saving time. It does this, using a command-line shell and an associated scripting language. At the time of release, this powerful tool essentially replaces the command prompt to automate the batch process and create the customized system management tools. Do you want to expertise on this tool? Powershell is a popular tool for many MSP because its scalability helps in simplifying the management task and generate insights into devices across the medium or large scale devices.
For instance, you can use cmdlets like the Get command to search for other cmdlets. Besides commands like cmd-help responsible for discovering the syntax of the cmdlet, and uses the invoke-command to run the script locally, remotely or even in a batch control Provide Net wide around Powershell enables you to get around software or program limitation especially on a business-wide scale.
For example, PowerShell is responsible for reconfiguring the default setting of a program across the entire network This might be useful if the business wants to roll a specific protocol to all its users using two-factor authentication 2FA or change their passwords for every months.
Scale your efforts across devices: Powershell can be a lifesaver if you want to run scripts across multiple computers, especially if some of them were remote devices. Moreover, this PowerShell is responsible to gather information across multiple devices at once and allows you to install updates, configure settings, gather the information that saves you hours of work and travel time Gain Visibility into information: The advantage of this platform is the accessibility of the computer file system.
Powershell makes it hard to find data in files and the windows registry. Moreover, digital certificates are visible whether it is housed on one computer or many. And it allows you to export the data for reporting purposes. What you can do with the power shell?
With the utilization of power shellcode, companies can roll out the changes and updates and can test the GUI. Besides, it is tightly integrated with most of the Microsoft products.
In some cases, products like Microsoft server and office things cannot be done with GUI and only the power shell can do. Microsoft people have designed this tool as an open-source and cross-platform. And it incorporated its capabilities into several interfaces. This power shell has become a robust solution to automate a range of tedious or administrative tasks and then find the filter and export the information about the computer on a network.
It does this by combining the commands called cmdlets and create scripts. Within the power shell, you can leverage the improved power shell access and control over the windows management instrumentation and the component object model to fine-tune the administrative management. This automation tool is greatly helpful for executing a typical management task.
Besides, this power shell includes adding and deleting accounts, editing groups, and creating a list to view specific types of users or groups. Besides, this powerful tool has an integrated scripting environment ISE , a graphic user interface that lets you run commands and create or test scripts. This interface lets you develop the scripts such as command collection, where you can add the logic for execution.
This is particularly useful for system administrators who need to run the command sequences for system configuration. Likewise, there are multiple uses of power shell in the real-time industry. By reaching the end of this article, I hope you people have gained the best knowledge on power shell. You people can get more practical knowledge on PowerShell taught by real-time experts at power shell online Course.
In the upcoming articles of this blog, I'll be sharing the details of more information on PowerShell. Define what is Active Directory? Answer: Active Directory is a Meta Data.
Active Directory is a data base which store a data base like your user information, computer information and also other network object info. It has capabilities to manage and administrate the complete Network which connect with AD. Answer: Domain local groups assign access permissions to global domain groups for local domain resources.
Universal groups grant access to resources in all trusted domains. I am trying to create a new universal user group. Answer: Universal groups are allowed only in native-mode Windows Server environments.
Native mode requires that all domain controllers be promoted to Windows Server Active Directory. What is an IP address? Answer: Every device connected to the public Internet is assigned a unique number known as an Internet Protocol IP address. IP addresses consist of four numbers separated by periods also called a 'dotted-quad' and look something like In computer networking, an Internet Protocol IP address consists of a numerical identification logical address that network management assigns to devices participating in a computer network utilizing the Internet Protocol for communication between its nodes.
The role of the IP address has been characterized as follows: "A name indicates what we seek. An address indicates where it is. A route indicates how to get there. What is subnet Mask? Answer: A subnet short for "subnetwork" is an identifiably separate part of an organization's network. Typically, a subnet may represent all the machines at one geographic location, in one building, or on the same local area network LAN. Having an organization's network divided into subnets allows it to be connected to the Internet with a single shared network address.
Without subnets, an organization could get multiple connections to the Internet, one for each of its physically separate subnetworks, but this would require an unnecessary use of the limited number of network numbers the Internet has to assign.
It would also require that Internet routing tables on gateways outside the organization would need to know about and have to manage routing that could and should be handled within an organization.
What is ARP? In an Ethernet local area network, however, addresses for attached devices are 48 bits long. ARP provides the protocol rules for making this correlation and providing address conversion in both directions. How ARP Works? Answer: When an incoming packet destined for a host machine on a particular local area network arrives at a gateway , the gateway asks the ARP program to find a physical host or MAC address that matches the IP address.
The ARP program looks in the ARP cache and, if it finds the address, provides it so that the packet can be converted to the right packet length and format and sent to the machine. If no entry is found for the IP address, ARP broadcasts a request packet in a special format to all the machines on the LAN to see if one machine knows that it has that IP address associated with it. A machine that recognizes the IP address as its own returns a reply so indicating.
Define what is Active Directory Domain Services? Define what is domain? The user need only to log in to the domain to gain access to the resources, which may be located on a number of different servers in the network. Define what is domain controller? Answer: A Domain controller DC is a server that responds to security authentication requests logging in, checking permissions, etc.
A domain is a concept introduced in Windows NT whereby a user may be granted access to a number of computer resources with the use of a single username and password combination. What is a default gateway? What happens if I don't have one? Answer: a gateway is a routing device that knows how to pass traffic between different subnets and networks.
A computer will know some routes a route is the address of each node a packet must go through on the Internet to reach a specific destination , but not the routes to every address on the Internet. It won't even know all the routes on the nearest subnets. A gateway will not have this information either, but will at least know the addresses of other gateways it can hand the traffic off to. Your default gateway is on the same subnet as your computer, and is the gateway your computer relies on when it doesn't know how to route traffic.
The default gateway is typically very similar to your IP address, in that many of the numbers may be the same. However, the default gateway is not your IP address. To see what default gateway you are using, follow the steps below for your operating system. What is a subnet? Answer: In computer networks based on the Internet Protocol Suite, a subnetwork, or subnet, is a portion of the network's computers and network devices that have a common, designated IP address routing prefix cf.
A routing prefix is the sequence of leading bits of an IP address that precede the portion of the address used as host identifier or rest field in early Internet terminology. What is an RFC? Name a few if possible not necessarily the numbers, just the ideas behind them What is RFC ? Efforts are in progress within the community to find long term solutions to both of these problems. Meanwhile it is necessary to revisit address allocation procedures, and their impact on the Internet routing system.
What is CIDR? For example: CIDR addresses reduce the size of routing tables and make more IP addresses available within organizations. CIDR is also called supernetting.
You have the following Network ID: What is the IP range for your network? Answer: You need at least hosts per network. How many networks can you create? What subnet mask will you use? You need to view at network traffic. What will you use? Name a few tools? Answer: Monitoring network traffic tool Q. How do I know the path that a packet takes to the destination? Answer: use "tracert" command-line Q. What does the ping Answer: The ping command will send roundtrip packets to a destination other PC, router, printer, etc.
The The -l is how big the packet should be in bytes. The default is 32, if the -l parameter is not used. And the -n is saying to send, it times. The default is 4, when this parameter is not used. What is DHCP? What are the benefits and drawbacks of using it? In a networked environment it is a method to assign an 'address' to a computer when it boots up.
Benefit: A system administrator need not worry about computers being able to access networked resources Q. Also, DHCP helps prevent address conflicts caused by a previously assigned IP address being reused to configure a new computer on the network. Reduces configuration management Using DHCP servers can greatly decrease time spent configuring and reconfiguring computers on your network. Servers can be configured to supply a full range of additional configuration values when assigning address leases.
These values are assigned using DHCP options. Also, the DHCP lease renewal process helps assure that where client configurations need to be updated often such as users with mobile or portable computers who change locations frequently , these changes can be made efficiently and automatically by clients communicating directly with DHCP servers. Answer: HCP uses a client-server model.
The server database includes the following: Valid configuration parameters for all clients on the network. Valid IP addresses maintained in a pool for assignment to clients, plus reserved addresses for manual assignment. Duration of a lease offered by the server. The lease defines the length of time for which the assigned IP address can be used.
With a DHCP server installed and configured on your network, DHCP-enabled clients can obtain their IP address and related configuration parameters dynamically each time they start and join your network. DHCP servers provide this configuration in the form of an address-lease offer to requesting clients. Name 2 scenarios.? Answer: Open Windows Components Wizard. Under Components, scroll to and click Networking Services. Click Details. If prompted, type the full path to the Windows Server distribution files, and then click Next.
Required files are copied to your hard disk. In the console tree, click DHCP. On the Action menu, click Manage authorized servers. The Manage Authorized Servers dialog box appears. Click Authorize. Active directory interview questions Q. Similarly, changing authorization rights for a particular user on a group of devices has meant visiting each one and making configuration changes. DHCP integration with DNS allows the aggregation of these tasks across devices, enabling a company's network services to scale in step with the growth of network users, devices, and policies, while reducing administrative operations and costs.
This integration provides practical operational efficiencies that lower total cost of ownership. Creating a DHCP network automatically creates an associated DNS zone, for example, reducing the number of tasks required of network administrators. This is usually done during the bootstrap process when a computer is starting up. DNS zones — describe the differences between the 3 types. A DNS server resolves a name to an IP address, as stated in an earlier answer, but it can also point to multiple IP addresses for load balancing, or for backup servers if one or more is offline or not accepting connections.
Individual organizations may have their own DNS servers for their local Intranet. Some sites have their own DNS server to switch between subdomains within them. For example, a site such as Blogspot can have subdomains come and go quite frequently. Rather than force every DNS server to update their own databases whenever someone creates a new blog, Blogspot could maintain their own DNS server to resolve names within the blogspot. The following are the three main components of DNS: Domain name space and associated resource records RRs A distributed database of name-related information.
This authoritative information is organized into units called zones, which are the main units of replication in DNS. The following are the three DNS zone types implemented in Windows Standard Primary Holds the master copy of a zone and can replicate it to secondary zones. All changes to a zone are made on the standard primary. Standard Secondary Contains a read-only copy of zone information that can provide increased performance and resilience.
Information in a primary zone is replicated to the secondary by use of the zone transfer mechanism. DNS record types — describe the most important ones. TTL The length of time used by other DNS servers to determine how long to cache information for a record before discarding it. For most RRs, this field is optional. This prevents these records from being cached by other DNS servers for a longer period, which would delay the propagation of changes. Class For most RRs, this field is optional.
Where it's used, it contains standard mnemonic text indicating the class of an RR. Type This required field holds a standard mnemonic text indicating the type for an For example, a mnemonic of A indicates that the RR stores host address information. Record-Specific Data This is a variable-length field containing information describing the resource. This information's format varies according to the type and class of the RR. Describe the process of working with an external domain name Answer: If it is not possible for you to configure your internal domain as a subdomain of your external domain, use a stand-alone internal domain.
This way, your internal and external domain names are unrelated. For example, an organization that uses the domain name contoso. The advantage to this approach is that it provides you with a unique internal domain name. The disadvantage is that this configuration requires you to manage two separate namespaces. Also, using a stand-alone internal domain that is unrelated to your external domain might create confusion for users because the namespaces do not reflect a relationship between resources within and outside of your network.
In addition, you might have to register two DNS names with an Internet name authority if you want to make the internal domain publicly accessible.
Answer: When Microsoft began development on Active Directory, full compatibility with the domain name system DNS was a critical priority. Active Directory was built from the ground up not just to be fully compatible with DNS but to be so integrated with it that one cannot exist without the other. Microsoft's direction in this case did not just happen by chance, but because of the central role that DNS plays in Internet name resolution and Microsoft's desire to make its product lines embrace the Internet.
When Microsoft began development on Active Directory, full compatibility with the domain name system DNS was a critical priority. On the Advanced tab you will find the confusingly similar option Disable recursion also disables forwarders.
So what is the difference between these settings? The DNS server will attempt to resolve the name locally, then will forward requests to any DNS servers specified as forwarders. If Do not use recursion for this domain is enabled, the DNS server will pass the query on to forwarders, but will not recursively query any other DNS servers e. If Disable recursion also disables forwarders is set, the server will attempt to resolve a query from its own database only.
It will not query any additional servers. If neither of these options is set, the server will attempt to resolve queries normally: the local database is queried if an entry is not found, the request is passed to any forwarders that are set if no forwarders are set, the server will query servers on the Root Hints tab to resolve queries beginning at the root domains.
What is a "Single Label domain name" and what sort of issues can it cause? Answer: Single-label names consist of a single word like "contoso". Single-label DNS names cannot be registered by using an Internet registrar. Client computers and domain controllers that joined to single-label domains require additional configuration to dynamically register DNS records in single-label DNS zones.
By default, Windows Server based domain members, Windows XP-based domain members, and Windows based domain members do not perform dynamic updates to single-label DNS zones. Some server-based applications are incompatible with single-label domain names. Application support may not exist in the initial release of an application, or support may be dropped in a future release.
Some server-based applications are incompatible with the domain rename feature that is supported in Windows Server domain controllers and in Windows Server domain controllers. These incompatibilities either block or complicate the use of the domain rename feature when you try to rename a single-label DNS name to a fully qualified domain name. What is the "in-addr. This article explains this process. The following is quoted from RFC "The Internet uses a special domain to support gateway location and Internet address to host mapping.
Other classes may employ a similar strategy in other domains. The intent of this domain is to provide a guaranteed method to perform host address to host name mapping, and to facilitate queries to locate all gateways on a particular network on the Internet.
ARPA suffix. Each label represents one octet of an Internet address, and is expressed as a character string for a decimal value in the range with leading zeros omitted except in the case of a zero octet which is represented by a single zero. For example, if you have a network which is Any hosts with IP addresses in the ARPA file may contain entries for hosts in many domains.
Consider the following scenario. There is a Reverse Lookup file ARPA with the following contents: Exp : 1. Answer: When you install Active Directory on a member server, the member server is promoted to a domain controller.
Active Directory uses DNS as the location mechanism for domain controllers, enabling computers on the network to obtain IP addresses of domain controllers. During the installation of Active Directory, the service SRV and address A resource records are dynamically registered in DNS, which are necessary for the successful functionality of the domain controller locator Locator mechanism. To find domain controllers in a domain or forest, a client queries DNS for the SRV and A DNS resource records of the domain controller, which provide the client with the names and IP addresses of the domain controllers.
If the server does not support the required standards, or the authoritative DNS zone cannot be configured to allow dynamic updates, then modification is required to your existing DNS infrastructure. For more information, see Managing resource records.
Name 3 benefits of using AD-integrated zones. When you configure a computer as a DNS server, zones are usually stored as text files on name servers that is, all of the zones required by DNS are stored in a text file on the server computer. These text files must be synchronized among DNS name servers by using a system that requires a separate replication topology and schedule called a zone transfer However, if you use Active Directory—integrated DNS when you configure a domain controller as a DNS name server, zone data is stored as an Active Directory object and is replicated as part of domain replication.
Active Directory—integrated zones enable you to store zone data in the Active Directory database. Zone information about any primary DNS server within an Active Directory— integrated zone is always replicated.
In an Active Directory—integrated zone, a primary DNS server cannot be a single point of failure because Active Directory uses multimaster replication. Updates that are made to any domain controller are replicated to all domain controllers and the zone information about any primary DNS server within an Active Directory—integrated zone is always replicated. Active Directory—integrated zones: Enable you to secure zones by using secure dynamic update.
Provide increased fault tolerance. Every Active Directory—integrated zone can be replicated to all domain controllers within the Active Directory domain or forest. All DNS servers running on these domain controllers can act as primary servers for the zone and accept dynamic updates. Enable replication that propagates changed data only, compresses replicated data, and reduces network traffic. If you have an Active Directory infrastructure, you can only use Active Directory—integrated zones on Active Directory domain controllers.
If you are using Active Directory—integrated zones, you must decide whether or not to store Active Directory—integrated zones in the application directory partition. You can combine Active Directory—integrated zones and file-based zones in the same design. For example, if the DNS server that is authoritative for the private root zone is running on an operating system other than Windows Server or Windows , it cannot act as an Active Directory domain controller. Therefore, you must use file-based zones on that server.
However, you can delegate this zone to any domain controller running either Windows Server or Windows Name a few possible causes. What are the benefits and scenarios of using Stub zones? Answer: Understanding stub zones A stub zone is a copy of a zone that contains only those resource records necessary to identify the authoritative Domain Name System DNS servers for that zone.
A stub zone is used to resolve names between separate DNS namespaces. This type of resolution may be necessary when a corporate merger requires that the DNS servers for two separate DNS namespaces resolve names for clients in both namespaces.
A stub zone consists of: The start of authority SOA resource record, name server NS resource records, and the glue A resource records for the delegated zone.
The IP address of one or more master servers that can be used to update the stub zone. The master servers for a stub zone are one or more DNS servers authoritative for the child zone, usually the DNS server hosting the primary zone for the delegated domain name. Using stub zones Updated: January 21, Using stub zones Use stub zones to Keep delegated zone information current.
By updating a stub zone for one of its child zones regularly, the DNS server hosting both the parent zone and the stub zone will maintain a current list of authoritative DNS servers for the child zone. Improve name resolution. Stub zones enable a DNS server to perform recursion using the stub zone's list of name servers without needing to query the Internet or internal root server for the DNS namespace.
Simplify DNS administration. By using stub zones throughout your DNS infrastructure, you can distribute a list of the authoritative DNS servers for a zone without using secondary zones. However, stub zones do not serve the same purpose as secondary zones and are not an alternative when considering redundancy and load sharing. There are two lists of DNS servers involved in the loading and maintenance of a stub zone: The list of master servers from which the DNS server loads and updates a stub zone.
A master server may be a primary or secondary DNS server for the zone. In both cases, it will have a complete list of the DNS servers for the zone. This list is contained in the stub zone using name server NS resource records. When a DNS server loads a stub zone, such as widgets. The list of master servers may contain a single server or multiple servers and can be changed anytime. For more information, see Configure a stub zone for local master servers. What are the benefits and scenarios of using Conditional Forwarding?
Answer: Rather than having a DNS server forward all queries it cannot resolve to forwarders, the DNS server can forward queries for different domain names to different DNS servers according to the specific domain names that are contained in the queries.
Forwarding according to these domain-name conditions improves conventional forwarding by adding a second condition to The forwarding process. A conditional forwarder setting consists of a domain name and the IP address of one or more DNS servers. When a DNS client or server performs a query operation against a Windows Server based DNS server that is configured for forwarding, the DNS server looks to see if the query can be resolved by using its own zone data or the zone data that is stored in its cache, and then, if the DNS server is configured to forward for the domain name that is designated in the query a match , the query is forwarded to the IP address of a DNS Server that is associated with the domain name.
If the DNS server has no domain name listed for the name that is designated in the query, it attempts to resolve the query by using standard recursion. Answer: Cluster technologies are becoming increasingly important to ensure service offerings meet the requirements of the enterprise.
Windows and Windows Server support three cluster technologies to provide high availability, reliability and scalability. These technologies have a specific purpose and are designed to meet different requirements. Server cluster provides failover support for applications and services that require high availability, scalability and reliability, and is ideally suited for back-end applications and services, such as database servers.
Server cluster can use various combinations of active and passive nodes to provide failover support for mission critical applications and services. NLB provides failover support for IP-based applications and services that require high scalability and availability, and is ideally suited for Web tier and front-end NLB clusters can use multiple adapters and different broadcast methods to assist in the load balancing of TCP, UDP and GRE traffic requests.
CLB clusters use two clusters. The routing cluster can be configured as a routing list on the front-end Web servers or as separate servers that run Server cluster.
Cluster technologies by themselves are not enough to ensure that high availability goals can be met. Multiple physical locations may be necessary to guard against natural disasters and other events that may cause complete service outage. Effective processes and procedures, in addition to good architecture, are the keys to high availability. Round robin is a local balancing mechanism used by DNS servers to share and distribute network resource loads.
You can use it to rotate all resource record RR types contained in a query answer if multiple RRs are found. This feature provides a simple method for load balancing client use of Web servers and other frequently queried multihomed computers. If round robin is disabled for a DNS server, the order of the response for these queries is based on a static ordering of RRs in the answer list as they are stored in the zone either its zone file or Active Directory.
What is the Answer: WINS server group address. Used to support auto discovery and dynamic configuration of replication for WINS servers. What is WINS and when do we use it? The WINS server returns the destination computer's IP address to the original computer without the need for broadcast traffic.
The second reason for using WINS is that it's dynamic. As computers attach to and detach from the network, the WINS databases are updated automatically. What are the "considerations" regarding not using WINS? This ensures that a name registered with one WINS server is replicated to all other Microsoft WINS servers within the intranet, providing a replicated and enterprise-wide database.
The following table describes the pull and push partner types of replication partners. What is the difference between tombstoning a WINS record and simply deleting it?
Eventually, you may many end up with a scenario where a WINS server that owns a record and its direct replication partner has a replica of the record but does not own the record. The problem occurs when no domain controllers refresh the record on the remote WINS server, the records will expire, become tombstoned, and be scavenged out of the database.
The following is an example of what could happen Q. In Microsoft Windows NT 3. Clients that are running the following versions In Windows NT 3. In this situation, the WINS client sends a request to the next server in the list. It can also be used as a communications protocol in a private network either an intranet or an extranet. The higher layer, Transmission Control Protocol, manages the assembling of a message or file into smaller packets that are transmitted over the Internet and received by a TCP layer that reassembles the packets into the original message.
The lower layer, Internet Protocol, handles the address part of each packet so that it gets to the right destination. Each gateway computer on the network checks this address to see where to forward the message. Even though some packets from the same message are routed differently than others, they'll be reassembled at the destination.
Being stateless frees network paths so that everyone can use them continuously. Note that the TCP layer itself is not stateless as far as any one message is concerned. Its connection remains in place until all packets in a message have been received.
These protocols encapsulate the IP packets so that they can be sent over the dial-up phone connection to an access provider's modem. Other protocols are used by network host computers for exchanging router information. What is NetBios? Answer: Netbios. Describe the role of the routing table on a host and on a router.
Answer: In internetworking, the process of moving a packet of data from source to destination. Routing is usually performed by a dedicated device called a router. Routing is a key feature of the Internet because it enables messages to pass from one computer to another and eventually reach the target machine.
Each intermediary computer performs routing by passing along the message to the next computer. Part of this process involves analyzing a routing table to determine the best path. A device that forwards data packets along networks. Routers are located at gateways, the places where two or more networks connect. Routers use headers and forwarding tables to determine the best path for forwarding the packets, and they use protocols such as ICMP to communicate with each other and configure the best route between any two hosts.
Very little filtering of data is done through routers. Defined OSI model? In its most basic form, it divides network architecture into seven layers which, from top to bottom, are the Application, Presentation, Session, Transport, Network, Data-Link, and Physical Layers. The Physical Layer defines the electrical and physical specifications for devices. In particular, it defines the relationship between a device and a physical medium. To understand the function of the Physical Layer in contrast to the functions of the Data Link Layer, think of the Physical Layer as concerned primarily with the interaction of a single device with a medium, where the Data Link Layer is concerned more with the interactions of multiple devices i.
The Physical Layer will tell one device how to transmit to the medium, and another device how to receive from it in most Cases it does not tell the device how to connect to the medium. Obsolescent Physical Layer standards such as RS do use physical wires to control access to the medium. Originally, this layer was intended for point-to-point and point-to-multipoint media, characteristic of wide area media in the telephone system.
In modern practice, only error detection, not flow control using sliding window, is present in modern data link protocols such as Point-to-Point Protocol PPP , and, on local area networks, the IEEE Sliding window flow control and acknowledgment is used at the Transport Layer by protocols such as TCP, but is still used in niches where X. Not all Physical Layer bits necessarily go into frames, as some of these bits are purely intended for Physical Layer functions. The Network Layer performs network routing functions, and might also perform fragmentation and reassembly, and report delivery errors.
Routers operate at this layer—sending data throughout the extended network and making the Internet possible. This is a logical addressing scheme — values are chosen by the network engineer.
The addressing scheme is hierarchical. It manages the connectionless transfer of data one hop at a time, from end system to ingress router, router to router, and from egress router to destination end system.
It is not responsible for reliable delivery to a next hop, but only for the detection of errored packets so they may be discarded. When the medium of the next hop cannot accept a packet in its current length, IP is responsible for fragmenting into sufficiently small packets that the medium can accept it. These include routing protocols, multicast group management, Network Layer information and error, and Network Layer address assignment.
It is the function of the payload that makes these belong to the Network Layer, not the protocol that carries them. Some protocols are state and connection oriented.
This means that the Transport Layer can keep track of the segments and retransmit those that fail. It establishes, manages and terminates the connections between the local and remote application.
It provides for full-duplex, half-duplex, or simplex operation, and establishes checkpointing, adjournment, termination, and restart procedures. The OSI model made this layer responsible for "graceful close" of sessions, which is a property of TCP, and also for session checkpointing and recovery, which is not usually used in the Internet Protocol Suite. The Session Layer is commonly implemented explicitly in application environments that use remote procedure calls RPCs.
Layer 6: Presentation Layer The Presentation Layer establishes a context between Application Layer entities, in which the higher-layer entities can use different syntax and semantics, as long as the Presentation Service understands both and the mapping between them.
The presentation service data units are then encapsulated into Session Protocol Data Units, and moved down the stack. This layer interacts with software applications that implement a communicating component. Such application programs fall outside the scope of the OSI model. Application layer functions typically include identifying communication partners, determining resource availability, and synchronizing communication.
When identifying communication partners, the application layer determines the identity and availability of communication partners for an application with data to transmit. When determining resource availability, the application layer must decide whether sufficient network resources for the requested communication exist. In synchronizing communication, all communication between applications requires cooperation that is managed by the application layer.
Define what is LDAP? What are routing protocols? Why do we need them? Name a few. Answer: routing protocol is a protocol that specifies how routers communicate with each other to disseminate information that allows them to select routes between any two nodes on a network. Typically, each router has a prior knowledge only of its immediate neighbors.
A routing protocol shares this information so that routers have knowledge of the network topology at large. For a discussion of the concepts behind routing protocols, see: Routing. The term routing protocol may refer more specifically to a protocol operating at Layer 3 of the OSI model which similarly disseminates topology information between routers. Many routing protocols used in the public Internet are defined in documents called RFCs. There are three major types of routing protocols, some with variants: link-state routing protocols, path vector protocols and distance vector routing protocols.
The specific characteristics of routing protocols include the manner in which they either prevent routing loops from forming or break routing loops if they do form, and the manner in which they determine preferred routes from a sequence of hop costs and other preference factors.
What are router interfaces? What types can they be? Answer: The interfaces on a router provide network connectivity to the router. The console and auxiliary ports are used for managing the router. You can use a converter to attach your LAN to the router. Sync and Async serial interfaces are used for WAN connectivity. Using ISDN, you can transmit both voice and data. Ethernet is one of the earliest LAN technologies.
An Ethernet LAN typically uses special grades of twisted pair cabling. Ethernet networks can also use coaxial cable, but this cable medium is becoming less common. The most commonly installed Ethernet systems are called 10BaseT. The router provides the interfaces for twisted pair cables. The Ethernet interfaces on the router are E0, E1, E2, and so on.
E stands for Ethernet, and the number that follows represents the port number. These interfaces provide connectivity to an Ethernet LAN. Token Ring Topology Token Ring is the second most widely used LAN technology after Ethernet, where all computers are connected in a logical ring topology. An empty frame called a token is passed around the network. A device on the network can transmit data only when the empty token reaches the device.
This eliminates collisions on a Token Ring network. FDDI is a ring topology that uses four-bit symbols rather than eight-bit octets in its frames. FDDI is very fast and provides a data transfer rate of Mbps and uses a token-passing mechanism to prevent collisions.
FDDI uses two rings with their tokens moving in opposite directions to provide redundancy to the network. Usually only one ring is active at a given time. If one ring breaks, the other ring is used and the network does not experience downtime.
ISDN provides the integration of both analog or voice data together with digital data over the same network. Synchronous transmission signals Occur at the same clock rate and all clocks are based on a single reference clock.
Since asynchronous transmission is a character-by-character transmission type, each character is delimited by a start and stop bit, therefore clocks are not needed in this type of transmission. Synchronous communication requires a response at the end of each exchange of frames, while asynchronous communications do not require responses.
Some ports can function both as Synchronous Serial interfaces and Asynchronous Serial interfaces. It can provide an excellent solution for a company that has multiple systems that need to access the Internet but that has only a few public IP addresses. If you dig into NAT a little deeper, you will discover that there are really three ways to configure it.
From these configurations, you can perform a variety of functions. What is VPN? What types of VPN does Windows and beyond work with natively? Answer: Microsoft defines a virtual private network as the extension of a private network that encompasses links across shared or public networks like the Internet.
With a VPN, you can send data between two computers across a shared or public network in a manner that emulates point-to-point private link such as a dial-up or long haul T-Carrier-based WAN link.
Virtual private networking is the act of creating and configuring a virtual private network. To emulate a point-to-point link, data is encapsulated, or wrapped, with a header that provides routing information, which allows the data to traverse the shared or public network to reach its endpoint.
To emulate a private link, the data is encrypted for confidentiality. Packets that are intercepted on the shared or public network are indecipherable without the encryption keys.
The link in which the private data is encapsulated and encrypted is a VPN connection. There are two key VPN scenarios—remote access and site-to-site. In site-to-site also known as router-to -router , the communications are encrypted between two routers VPN gateways that link two sites.
What are the benefits of using VPN connections? Answer: For remote access connections, an organization can use VPN connections to leverage the worldwide connectivity of the Internet and trade their direct-dial remote access solutions and their corresponding equipment and maintenance costs for a single connection to an Internet service provider ISP without sacrificing the privacy of a dedicated dial-up connection.
For routed connections, an organization can use VPN connections to leverage the worldwide connectivity of the Internet and trade long-distance dial-up or leased lines for simple connections to an Internet service provider ISP without sacrificing the privacy of a dial-up or dedicated site-to-site link. What is IAS? In what scenarios do we use it? As a RADIUS server, IAS performs centralized connection authentication, authorization, and accounting for many types of network access including wireless, authenticating switch, and remote access dial-up and virtual private network VPN connections.
To minimize the time it takes to do this, install IAS on either a global catalog server or a server that is on the same subnet. For more information, see The role of the global catalog. For more information about domain functionality, see Domain and forest functionality.
This creates unnecessary network traffic. To eliminate this traffic, disable NAS notification forwarding for individual servers in each remote RADIUS server group by clearing the Forward network start and stop notifications to this server check box. For more information, see Configure the authentication and accounting settings of a group member and Configure accounting. Answer: Like Windows and Active Directory, Exchange also has native and mixed modes of operation.
Moving your Exchange organization to native mode offers advantages over mixed mode, but you must thoroughly understand the differences between native and mixed mode before planning a switch to native mode. By default, Exchange installs and operates in mixed mode. Mixed mode allows Exchange and Exchange 5. However, this backward compatibility limits administrative flexibility. Under mixed mode, Exchange 5. All servers in a site must use a common service account, just as with Exchange 5.
In addition, routing groups only contain servers from a single administrative group. Native mode allows more flexibility than mixed mode. With Exchange in native mode, you can place servers from multiple administrative groups into a single routing group, and you can move servers between routing groups. You can do away with the requirement that all servers in a site must use a common service account. Additionally, operating in native mode allows you to move mailboxes between servers in the organization removing the intersite mailbox move limitation in Exchange 5.
For some companies, this enhanced mailbox move capability is reason enough to switch to native mode. Answer: The domain functional levels that can be set for Active Directory in Windows Server are listed below. The Windows Mixed and Windows Native domain functional levels were available in Windows to enable backward compatibility to operating systems such as Windows NT 4. The latter two functional levels are only available with Windows Server Windows Mixed: This is the default functional level implemented when you install a Windows Server domain controller.
The basic Active Directory features are available when this mode is configured. Windows Native: In Windows Native functional level, the backup domain controllers of Windows NT is not supported as domain controllers in the domain. Only Windows domain controllers and Windows Server domain controllers are supported.
Windows Server Interim is basically identical to Windows Native. The key point to remember on Windows Server Interim is that this functional level is used when the forests in your environment do not have Windows domain controllers. Windows Server This domain functional level is used when the domain only includes Windows Server domain controllers. The features available for the new Windows Server Interim and Windows Server domain functional levels are discussed later on in this article. The forest functional level can also be raised to enable additional Active Directory features.
You have to though first raise the functional of domains within a forest before you can raise the forest functional level to Windows Server The domain functional level in this case has to be Windows Native or Windows Server before you raise the forest functional level. Domain controllers in the domains of the forest automatically have their functional level set to Windows Server when you raise the forest functional level to Windows Server Additional Active Directory features are immediately available for each domain in the forest.
The forest functional levels that can be set for Active Directory in Windows Server listed below. Free Turnitin Report. A plagiarism report from Turnitin can be attached to your order to ensure your paper's originality. Negotiable Price. No Hidden Charges. Every sweet feature you might think of is already included in the price, so there will be no unpleasant surprises at the checkout.
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Answer: Active directory is a directory service that identifies all resources on a network and makes that information available to users and services. The Main purpose of AD is to control and authenticate network resources. Answer: The sysvol folder stores the server's copy of the domain's public files.
The contents such as group policy, users, and groups of the sysvol folder are replicated to all domain controllers in the domain. The sysvol folder must be located on an NTFS volume. It offers features like security permissions to limit other users' access to folders , quotas so one user can't fill up the disk , shadowing backing up and many other features that help Windows.
Answer: AD enables centralization in a domain environment. Answer: Loopback address is Answer: A proxy server is a computer that acts as a gateway between a local network e. Proxy servers provide increased performance and security. In some cases, they monitor employees' use of outside resources.
Answer: Antivirus: The prime job of an anivirus is protect your system from computer viruses. Your computer may be standalone or part of network or connected to Internet you need an antivirus program.
It actively monitors when you are using your system for any virus threat from different sources. These attacks may not be virus type. In some cases hackers can take control of your system remotely and steal your data or important information from system.
If your system is directly connected to internet or a large network than you can install a software firewall in your PC to protect your self from unauthorized access. Firewall is available either in software or in hardware form. For a single PC you may need a software firewall while a large corporate implements hardware firewall to protect all of their systems from such attacks. Backend server? Answer: A back end server is a computer resource that has not been exposed to the internet.
In this regard the computing resource does not directly interact with the internet user. It can also be described as a server whose main function is to store and retrieve email messages.
Frontend server: A frontend server is a computer resources that has exposed to the internet. This allows users to access resources by computer name instead of by IP address. If you want this computer to keep track of the names and IP addresses of other computers in your network, configure this computer as a WINS server. Answer: The Windows Registry, usually referred to as "the registry," is a collection of databases of configuration settings in Microsoft Windows operating systems.
Answer: Windows XP includes a folder named System Volume Information on the root of each drive that remains hidden from view even when you choose to show system files. It remains hidden because it is not a normally hidden folder you can say it is a Super Hidden Folder. Answer: Short form Master Boot Record, a small program that is executed when a computer boots up.
Typically, the MBR resides on the first sector of the hard disk. The program begins the boot process by looking up the partition table to determine which partition to use for booting.
Answer: BitLocker is an encryption feature available in Ultimate and Enterprise versions of Windows 7 and Vista, To encrypt an entire drive, simply right-click on the drive and select Turn on BitLocker from the context menu. For many years ATA provided the most common and the least expensive interface for this application. Answer: 1. Hyper-V Replication : The Hyper-V Replica feature allows you to replicate a virtual machine from one location to another with Hyper-V and a network connection—and Without any shared storage required.
This is a big deal in the Microsoft world for disaster recovery, high availability and more. VMware does this, too, but the vendor charges new licensees extra for the capability. Answer: Start Task manager,and select Performance tab. In performance tab we can see system up time Method 2: By typinag systeminfo in command prompt we can find out up time of your server In system boot time.
Although Server Manager is available in Windows Server R2 and Windows Server , Server Manager was updated in Windows Server , to support remote, multi-server management, and help increase the number of servers an administrator can manage. Answer: First the computer looks up the destination host. If it exists in local DNS cache, it uses that information.
If it finds references to external resources, such as pictures, css files, javascript files, these are is delivered the same way as the HTML document itself. DHCP operates on a client server model in four phases.
At this point the IP configuration process is complete. A typical server allows its administrator to set the lease time. Answer: Yes. Answer: Discover, Offer, request and acknowledgement. Answer: If a DHCP server is to operate within an Active Directory domain and is not running on a domain controller it must first be authorized to Active directory.
You may want to backup your DHCP server from time to time to prepare for disaster recovery scenarios or when migrating DHCP server role to a new hardware.
Because domain names are alphabetic, they're easier to remember. Two types of lookup in DNS. Forward lookup : it converts Domain name to ip address.
Reverse lookup: it converts ip address to Domain name. Three types of zone. Primary zone secandary zone and stub zone. Answer: Nslookup. Its an active directory protocal ,Basically, it's a protocol used to access data from a database. It is included with most Windows Server operating systems. Active Directory is primarily used to store directory objects like users and groups and computers printers.
Using Active Directory brings a number of advantages to your network, Centralized user account management Centralized policy management group policy Better security management. Answer: Group Policy is a feature of the Microsoft Windows NT family of operating systems that control the working environment of user accounts and computer accounts. Group Policy provides the centralized management and configuration of operating systems, applications, and users' settings in an Active Directory environment.
W hat is the order in which GPOs are applied. What is the difference between software publishing and assigning. Answer: Assign Users : The software application is advertised when the user logs on. It is installed when the user clicks on the software application icon via the start menu, or accesses a file that has been associated with the software application. Assign Computers : The software application is advertised and installed when it is safe to do so, s uch as when the computer is next restarted.
Publish to users : The software application does not appear on the start menu or desktop. This means the user may not know that the software is available.
Published applications do not reinstall themselves in the event of accidental deletion, and it is not possible to publish to computers. Get practical explanation at Windows Server Online Courses.
Name some GPO settings in the computer and user parts. N ame a few benefits of using GPMC. How frequently is the client policy refreshed?
Answer: 90 minutes give or take. Where are group policies stored? It is used to log on to the computer when Active Directory has failed or needs to be restored. Timing can be tricky; if the Windows logo appears you waited too long. A text menu menu will appear. Then press the Enter key. W here is the AD database held? What other folders are related to AD? Answer: To Install Microsoft Active Directory: Ensure that you log on to the computer with an administrator account to perform installation.
In the Welcome page, click Next. In the Operating system compatibility panel, click Next. This name will be used during Tivoli Provisioning Manager installation, so make a note of it. Click Next. The first part of the DNS name is usually sufficient. On the Database and Logs panel, select the desired folders for the Database and Logs.
On the Shared System Volume panel, enter a valid directory for the system volume. Click Next to continue. If you configured DNS successfully, the Permissions setting panel is displayed.
Select Permissions compatible only with Windows or Windows Server The server will be rebooted as part of the process.
What is global catalog? Answer: The Global Catalog is a database that contains all of the information pertaining to objects within all domains in the Active Directory environment. What is the difference between local, global and universal groups Answer: Domain local groups assign access permissions to global domain groups for local domain resources.
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